Have Police Managers become too bureaucratic? Essay

In the past, the police force has always been regard as guardians of law and order in the society. Today, however, the police, in particular, the police managers, are not only simply involved in enforcing the law and ensuring the stability of society, but also in assuming various political and administrative roles. In words, the police managers have more or less become involved in matters that are beyond their job description, which is to simply manage a police force. Nowadays, police leaders have become more involved in numerous paper works and even in dealings with politicians and people who have great influence and power. While there is nothing wrong with the police managers associating themselves with politicians and other people of the same type in order to possibly earn additional income, there are various risks that can greatly affect their image and career, such as corruption. Although the police manager may do his or her job of protecting his or her so-called client, he or she is also exposed to several temptations. One example of which is accepting bribes that can further result in the police manager protecting his or her client who is involved in illegal activities. Â  Furthermore, the police manager may end up being involved in criminal activities himself or herself or being or being an accessory to crime. These criminal activities may include illegal drug trafficking and child and women trafficking, among many others. In other words, due to massive corruption, the police office suddenly forgets his or her true role in society which is to uphold the law and maintain peace and order. While police corruption is one of the greatest sins against society in general, there are times when people cannot blame the police manager for becoming corrupt. One of the reasons behind this is the relatively average income that a police manager receives. Basically, since the police manager needs to earn more for himself or herself and possibly for his or her family, he or she uses resorts to various alternatives to augment his or her income. And, relatively, the easiest way for him or her to do so is to become involved in illegal activities such as accepting bribes and favors from shady people in exchange for money. However, aside from money, another factor that results in the corruption of a police manager is power. When a police manager associates himself or herself to people in power, such as business tycoons and politicians, in a way, he or she is sharing their power and influence. Â  For example, a police manager can use the influence of his or her client who is in power to dodge criminal charges. Moreover, he or she can also use the influence of his or her client to threaten other people. In addition, after some time, the police manager may end up in power himself or herself as a reward for protecting his or her client. In short, too much bureaucracy on the part of the police manager, more often than not, always leads to corruption. This is mainly due to the fact that the police manager has a relatively low salary and is always looking for ways to consolidate his or her salary.

Police Department Organization Essay

There are three different types of police departments they individually have their own jurisdictions nonetheless their structure is very similar. For bigger departments the structure is going to be more in depth mainly because of all the moving parts in its system. For those smaller departments it will be smaller due to fewer personnel on shift and tasks at hand. In the Unites States we have three different types of police departments local, state, and federal. In this paper you will find a brief description of all three. In the city of El Centro California we have a smaller department due to the population here in El Centro. El Centro Police Department was established in 1908 it involves 58 sworn officers and 26 civilian employees. The structure is made up of the Police Chief, Commanders, Lieutenants, Sergeants, field officers, and civilian employees. This department comprises of three sub-divisions patrol, traffic, and Crisis Response Unit. Patrol is in charge of patrolling the city and making police presence known. Traffic division handles city traffic and makes sure that residents and visitors alike are respecting all speed limits and traffic signals. Crisis Response Unit is a specialized unit that has been established to handle critical field operations. It manages sensitive calls such as those where negotiations are needed; it is also capable of deploying specialized units where highly trained officers are need. Investigations Division accounts for two sergeants, seven detectives, one community service officer, and a secretary. Four of the seven detectives are assigned to handle multi-jurisdictional narcotics enforcement and one detective is allocated to juvenile crimes. Evidence and property is controlled by the community service officer. The person responsible for the Investigation Divisions smooth operations is the division secretary. The Chief, Executive Commander, and Staff assistant lead the Administration Division. Police Chief Jim McGinley is the current chief for El Centro police department. Chief McGinley has 32 years of law enforcement practice; previously he served as Commanding Officer for San Diego Police Department. Prior to retirement in 2005 Chief McGinley headed the Investigations Divisions 2. Chief McGinley was in charge of elder abuse, auto theft, financial crimes, robbery, gangs, and homicide. California Highway Patrol was formed August 14, 1929. It consists of eight different divisions throughout California. Their structure is very similar to a military unit. At the top of its structure is the Commissioner which has the following offices under it Office of Special Representative, Office of Inspector General, and Office of Employee Relations. Deputy Commissioner follows with the Office of legal affairs, Medical Relations, and Equal Employment Opportunity. After that the structure branches of into two different components one being administrative and the other being the officers on the beat. Assistant Commissioner Staff has several departments like Administrative Service Division, Information management, Enforcement & Planning, Office of the Academy, Internal Affairs, Office of Employee Assistance & safety, and the Office of Organization Development. Assistant Commissioner Field is the other branch that I mentioned. This office also has various divisions and offices like Protective Service Division, Office of Air Operations, State Security Division, and all of it different patrol divisions in the state. The state is broken down into eight different divisions I will name them form southern California to northern California; Border Division, Southern Division, Inland Division, Central Division, Costal Division, Valley Division, Golden gate Division, and Northern Division. California Highway Patrol has two main missions the primary one is to make sure that all traffic and transportation along freeways and state routes. CHP officer still maintain police authority out of state route and freeways. CHP’s secondary mission is to aid and assist to any emergencies that exceed local capabilities. A federal police agency is the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and it was founded in July 1973 formed by President Richard Nixon. He established this agency to combat the war on drugs and not only nationwide but worldwide as well. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration web page the DEA has nearly 5,000 Special Agents and a budget of $2.02 billion. The Administrations structure is very complex and consists of many different divisions. At the top of its enormous structure it has its Administrator and Deputy Administrator followed by five different branches forming the top of this structure. It has Executive Equal Opportunity & Employee Assistant Staff (ADE), Executive Policy & Strategic Planning Staff (ADS), Office of Administrative Law Judges (LJ), Office of Chief Council, and Office of Congressional & public Affairs. Drug Enforcement Administration has many other divisions and departments that they account for a whole thirty one of them to be exact with the last one being field operations. DEA has a much larger structure mainly because it not only fights the war on drugs and terrorism in the United States but it also must do it worldwide. References www.chp.ca.gov www.cityofelcentro.org/police/ www.justice.gov/dea

Addressing Women Vulnerability in Refugee Camps through the Provision Dissertation

Addressing Women Vulnerability in Refugee Camps through the Provision of Household Energy - Dissertation Example This paper stresses that energy resources can be referred to as acquisitive possessions. Hence, holding a right to use such ‘valuable assets’ might help in substantially reducing the vulnerability of households based in refugee camps. The fact that energy helps in meeting several vital days to day needs of households, such as cooking, carrying and storing water, processing food etc, is undeniable. The households which receive adequate energy, for instance in the form of cooking stoves, for such activities are able to effectively manage their resources in a much better fashion and hence contribute towards poverty eradication, in a small yet substantial way. This essay makes a conclusion that Energy is acknowledged one of the most indispensable contributors for supporting the livelihood of people living in IDPs or refugee camps. At the most fundamental level, provision of energy facilitates the availability of cooked food, clean drinking water, and heat (for protection against cold weather). However, the significance of provision of energy has never been acknowledged and established extensively as a vital necessity along with food, clothing, and shelter, within the refugee camps. An in-depth evaluation of various reports in this regard, such as the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, for instance, reveals that a majority of needs of people living in displaced settings or in refugee camps are related to household energy including cooking, lighting, heating etc.

The Summary of Krugman Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Summary of Krugman Article - Essay Example The firms where served by the slaves working in these firms. Unlike the 17th century, America of today is more urbanized and is characterized by metropolitan environment with no small towns. The urbanization of America has led to mass rural-urban migration with people leaving villages for the urban environment in search of modern and industrial jobs (New York Times, July 5, 2013). In addition, the author compares the ethnicity and religion evolution of the 17th century and 21st century. During the 17th century majority of the Americans were WASP with only a few Protestants, today majority of Americans have European and Britain ethnicity. Krugman (72) concludes by comparing the history of American democracy of today to that of the 17th century. Unlike the 17th century, America remains the best country in terms of democracy, freedom, and protection of human rights (New York Times, July 2, 2013). Summary of Holcberg In the article, â€Å"Human Organ for Sale† Holcberg describes t he need for well-wishers and good Samaritans to take part in rescuing over 80,000 suffering individual who need some body organs. The calls out for public response purposely to donate their body organs to other Americans who cannot afford to buy given the high costs of these body organs. According to Holcberg (51), this legal trade on the human body organs is founded on personal beliefs and choices that must be made by the patient. The patient has the choice to evaluate the degree of the risks that are associated with organ transplant, including surgery and financial costs. This would guide the patient’s choices before accepting organ transplant. Secondly, Holcberg (52) argues that personal and constitutional freedom must be exercise. Therefore, everyone has a right to donate or not donate his or her organs to the needy people. The law should not only recognize the right to organ donation but also the freedom to sale these organs (Holcberg 54). He further emphasizes on the ne ed to educate the poor people so as to enable them make informed and rational choice in life. By educating the low income members of the society, their ability to participate in informed decision-making process are enhances. Education s the poor with the knowledge and social skills including the right to sell or donate their body organs at will. He concluded by asserting that the solution to lack of organ related suffering among the Americans would be realized through legalization of organ trade in American (Holcberg 32). In his view, saving human lives starts with giving freedom and rights to people to trade in organs at will with the constitutional protection behind them. Sale of Human Organ in Support of Life Many people lose their lives yearly because of organ related conditions that would have been avoided had organ sales been legalized. Deplorable health conditions and poverty cause many thousands to die yet these deaths are avoidable and can be saved. The concept of organ don ation has dominated a number of legal debates with respect to its legalization. According to Holcberg, legalization of organ trade and donation would be a fundamental life saving step. Legalization of this trade will play a role in improving the quality of life for the donor and the recipient. For instance, a family member with the right to organ donation may opt to sale one of his organs (kidney or liver) to finance better treatment for one of his or her family member (Holcberg 53). Under such circumstance, legalized organ sale would prove beneficial in financially empowering the family at large. Any restriction on organ sale is likely to leave the family in deplorable financial condition with no hope for tomorrow yet a sale of one organ would generate financial

Reinterpreting a Tourism Experience Dissertation

Reinterpreting a Tourism Experience - Dissertation Example The Florida coastal leads the path and assists the guest in identifying the unique creatures on the island and the sandbars. The dolphin discovery boat tours are the most adventurous tour since this is the place where fresh water and salt mingle. There are more than 4000 species of animals and plants which includes a list of 35 species that are considered as endangered or threatened. Birds which include pelicans, herons, spoonbills, osprey and bald eagles are commonly found here. Numerous species of fish abide in this island. Each outing offers new adventure to its guest. The Dolphin Discovery Centre assists the visitors in exploring the fascinating behavior of the wild dolphins (Edensor 59-81).  The fascination of dolphins attracts the guest, the dolphins interacting with the humans and boats, media portrayal and performances in Marine Park such as flipper are responsible for increasing the popularity of the concerned destination. The marine environment offers many opportunities f or visiting the wildlife and tourist in natural setting. The spot increases the motivation and the expectation of the tourists. The activities organized by the camp ranges from the small scale beach combining to large scale luxury cruises. The tours are dedicated to one particular species or depend upon the opportunistic sighting of a range of wild life. The most significant form of wildlife tourism is marine mammal tourism. It is associated with increasing the desire of the human to interact with the mammals.

Write a report to your Departmental Manager on the Implementation of Coursework

Write a report to your Departmental Manager on the Implementation of Effective Job Design within the Organisation - Coursework Example Inadequately designed jobs often bring about dullness and consequently increased turnover, demotivation, low levels of job contentment, diminished efficiency, and an escalation in organizational costs. Many of these undesirable concerns could be circumvented or reduced through effective job design or proper detection of major job constituents. Businessdictionary.com defines job design as â€Å"Work arrangement (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks. Through job design, organizations try to raise productivity levels by offering non-monetary rewards such as greater satisfaction from a sense of personal achievement in meeting the increased challenge and responsibility of ones work. Job enlargement, job enrichment, job rotation, and job simplification are the various techniques used in a job design exercise.† There are broadly two approaches to job design which is based on two different schools of thoughts. The first method involves fitting individuals to jobs. It is founded upon the hypothesis that people can be modified to any work condition. Thus employee attitudes towards the job are overlooked and jobs are aimed at producing maximum economic and technological productivity. This methodology uses the doctrines of scientific management and work simplification. In contrast, the second method involves fitting jobs to individuals. It is centered upon the theory that individuals are underutilized at the task and long for more challenges and accountability. Practices such as job rotation, job enlargement, etc. are used while designing jobs under the second alternative. The scientific management approach was devised by F.W. Taylor. The approach is based on the application of scientific principles to job design. Work, according to this approach should be scientifically analyzed and fragmented into predetermined tasks. Taylor supports job specialization

Liability for Economic Loss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Liability for Economic Loss - Essay Example Bar, U. Drobnig & Guido Alpa. â€Å"The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe: A Comparative Study.† (2004). Rome: Guido Alpa 12 M. Schneier & American Bar Association. â€Å"Construction accident law: A comprehensive guide to legal liability and insurance claim.† (1999) Boston: American Bar Association 12 Shanley â€Å"Comparative negligence and jury behavior† New York: Rand Corp 12 L. McDougal, R. Felix & R. Whitten. â€Å"American Conflicts Law: cases and material† (2004) New Jersey: LexisNexis 12 Cullen I. & NSW Young Lawyers. â€Å"Civil Liability Act 2002† (2002) New York: NSW Young Lawyers 13 M. Drury. â€Å" Clinical Negligence in General Practice† (2000). Houston: Radcliffe Publishing 13 Todd A. DeMitchell â€Å"Negligence: What Principals Need to Know about Avoiding Liability† (2007). Washington: Rowman & Littlefield Education 13 Arthur Martin C. â€Å"Negligence: Instruction Paper† (2010). Ne w York: BiblioBazaar 13 Bob P. â€Å"Professional Negligence in Construction† (2003). New York: Taylor & Francis 13 Schrage E. J. H. â€Å"Negligence: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts† (2001) Detroit: Duncker & Humblot 13 Lewis K., Linda D. â€Å"Negligence† (1995) Texas: Carswell 13 Tony K. â€Å"Negligence: Origins† (2009). ... arises pertaining to failure by a party to â€Å"exercise reasonable care and skill†1 Further guidelines stipulate that harm is any kind of harm laid upon damage of property or any harm that is inflicted upon damage of property. Therefore, liability for economic loss seeks to make judgment on the party that is to endure losses occurring from the loss suffered. Tort law assigns the liability for economic loss to either parties of the case, in accordance to the law guidelines and according to the damage suffered by either party. Cases arising from economic losses are far-reaching and go beyond a certain limit, regarding many entailments. A scenario example would arise due to a contractual obligation, a construction concern or negligence in meeting the requirements of guide. Construction defects arising from defective installation or derisory material will normally amount to breach of contract, and the economic liability will lie towards the contractor. Tort law however makes exc eptions for certain cases arising from negligence by the owner of the property to fulfill their obligation as a result of negligence. If the contractor made it known that the materials used by the contractor were faulty and that the owner submitted to the allegations, then the liability for economic loss will be awarded to the owner. Another attribute of the tort law is that a contractor may suffer liability for economic loss if the contractor makes appropriations limiting certain actions allocated by the contractual agreement. Cases relating to liability for economic loss are dynamic. They rely on a set of tort law, common law and case law. Case law answers the question of how it is applied mostly. Cases arising from prior disagreements suit a large part of the case law aspects regarding liability

Geography Gendered feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography Gendered feminism - Essay Example Such inner yearnings cause even death of them. (Barbara de Angelis, 1994, pp197). Geologically land is termed feminine. Through time and space, femininity is not given its due recognition. Masochism is construed as a quality of femininity where as the same attitude in men are considered as cowardice or slavery. Millions of clerks of both sexes throughout the world are almost having masochistic attitude only. Painting masochism as the quality of women has added burden to them, leading to a sort of 'gender exploitation' of women. These developments do not have any territorial difference on the earth. However shades of differences in this type of gender exploitation prevails in various manifestations in various lands. In countries like India, there are still many regions where common women cannot occupy an equal status in public places. On boarding a public bus a lady cannot occupy her seat next to a man and nor a man is permitted to sit near a woman. This practice is very slowly fading. People of metro cities are a bit bold enough to break this customary. But small towns and villages are still viewing the scene utterly awkward. In many places the booking counters are provided with separate structural arrangements for eves. The pathetic plight of school going girls, especially those in the verge if puberty who suffer a lot for want of toilets in Ethiopia is a challenge for feministic researchers. The economic and social barriers there are very strong enough to yield to such feministic ideologies. FLUIDITY OF GENDER IDENTITY In fixing identities, unlike other entities like race, color, class and religion, gender occupies a fluid condition. This fluidity in the fixing of gender identity is manipulated in several societies. Thus, geographers find it a bit tricky to fix the gender identity. Wife battering prevails in all countries irrespective of their development and civilization. But the batterer always takes advantage only of the gender. It is the feministic approach that posed question whether such superiority over femininity is natural. To derive an answer to this question, one has to analyze the age-old custom of patriarchy in almost all societies of the world. Geographers all over the world find a healthy tone in such analysis, which tries to evaluate and judge the patriarchy from the viewpoint of both the genders. Eradication or trial to eradicate patriarchy is not a solution. Feminism thus paves way to identify and locate the importance and entitlement of femininity. Feminism in many countries takes its own speed depending upon the cultural and socialistic environments of the nations. Developed countries are fast in this approach. The high speed has led to emergence of gay movement and lesbianism as byproducts. The sex-based lesbianism and gay movements give a picture that male domination or male chauvinism can be countered to some extent. Whether this is true or not is yet to be cleared. Even elite group of societies is not clear in the ideologies of lesbianism and gay movement to such an extent that they can pressurize some political group and governments to legally permit such practices. Homosexuals find it nice to enter into 'civil partnership', which has now been legally permitted in England. Great Britain, which criminalized carnal intercourse during 1860 in one of its colonial regiment, as an act against the order of nature, now permits her gays to get

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Essay Example This company from China which is Venetian, Macao-Resort-Hotel specifically wants to enter in the tourism Industry in Greece. Prior to its market entry in the country, there is a need to understand the whole thing about business environment especially on Greece’s tourism industry. This is to take into consideration better understanding of the line of businesses to be implemented in the tourism industry in Greece. This is also to further understand things that are necessary to be done prior to the actual market entry. In particular, there is a promising area for hotels and other related businesses in Greece’s tourism industry. This is one important idea that can be substantially considered in line with the consideration on what business to be conducted in Greece. In order to analyse this situation further, it is important to conduct some assessment and cultural evaluation, political considerations, social aspects and other related business-related environmental concerns. A. Business system and cultural conditions in Greece The first part of this report is about the analysis of the national business system and cultural conditions in Greece. This is in line with knowing the probable impacts of national business and cultural system in Greece on the future success of Venetian, Macao-Resort-Hotel in the country. ... The world has slowly been integrated by globalisation and especially it is heading forward to creating one important business culture for all. This is evident by how everyone is influenced by the effect of media that try to substantiate the impact of information technology. Information technology is an important tool everyday because it influences decision, planning and any other decision-making process (Vlahos and Ferratt, 1995). In many parts of Greece internet-based tourism services are widely spread (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2002). This is an indication that tourism industry has become sophisticated and there is a strong link between information technology and marketing system for tourism industry. In fact, travellers nowadays got to choose different packages in order to enjoy various destination of choice at the most convenient way of placing bookings online such as hotel reservation and other related travel activities. This is made possible becaus e of online convenience in conducting business online especially in Greece, a developed country where many travellers come and go to their destination of choice. This is a clear identification of the fact that there is a strong involvement of technology in conducting business in Greece particularly in its tourism industry. In 2000 tourism in Greece was regarded an important component of its economy due to its substantial contribution of 7% of the gross domestic product (Chatziathanassiou et al., 2004). This is a positive indication of a booming tourism industry in Greece in which such has provided positive outcome in creating identity for Greece as one of the most wonderful

Determinism vs Free

Determinism vs Free Will Essay Abstract In this essay I will define determinism, I will also define free will. I will answer question in a dialogue with and imaginary Socrates. In my dialogue I will give clear and conclusive answers and I will use the socratic method. I will also provide examples when possible, or needed. Determinism vs Free Will Socrates: What is the definition of determinism? April: Determinism is a belief in the inevitability of causation. Everything that happens is the only possible thing that could happen (Baumeister,2009). Socrates: What is the definition of free will? April: Free Will is the ability to freely choose one of several possibile alternatives, to make decisions the outcome of which is and cannot be known in advance (Voss,2007). Socrates: Do you agree that every event has an explanatory cause? April: Yes I do, Everything happens for a reason. Socrates: How do you define event? April: I would define even as something that happens. For example like a birth or a wedding. (Solomon,2010) Socrates: How do you define explanatory cause? April: An explanatory cause is the assumption that every event in the universe including our own actions, can be explained and understood. (Solomon,2010) Socrates: Do you agree that every human choice or event has an explanatory cause? April: Yes I absolutely agree, because every human choice and action has an explanatory cause. (Solomon,2010) Socrates: How do you define human choice? April: Human choice is the choice of humans to make a decision that is free of outside influences, because we (people) are the only ones responsible for the decisions we make every day. Socrates: How do you define human event? April: Human events are the things (events) that happens to human beings in their life, like getting married, having children, going to college, and even death. Socrates: Are they different? April: Yes, I think human choice and human event are different, because human choice is the decision you make, and human event is what will happen from your decision. For example you go on a date with this guy (human choice) and then you two fall in love and get married (human event). Socrates: Do you agree that to have an explanatory cause is to not be free? April: No, because that would mean that no human choice or action would be free and as a reaction to that there would be no choices or actions. (Solomon,2010) Socrates: How do you define free? April: Freedom means that we can deliberate about what to do, it means that the future seems opened, it also entails that we should be praised and blamed for our actions, since we have a choice. (Cuddy,2008) Socrates: Do you think that free will and determinism can coexist in anyway? April: Yes, I believe that free will and determinism can coexist, because even though we have free will and can do what we want, when we want, at the same time our freedom has rules (laws) that are there to guide us and let us know what is right and wrong. (Sturman,2013) Socrates: Is it possible to have external determinism and internal free will? April: Well, I think that maybe it is possible to have external determinism, but not possible to have internal free will, because no such thing as internal or external free will exist, however though external determinism does exist and it refers to the external influences that are out of our control. For example say that a successful and rich movie star has a child, that child will grow up and be a rich and successful movie star also. (Solomon,2010). In conclusion free will and determinism is something that will always be questioned by different people for years to come, but for now here is my beliefs in this dialogue with an imaginary Socrates. I defined determinism and free will and I also answered many questions from Socrates, and inconclusively yes determinism and free will can coexist and i have realized we are not complately free because we have rules (laws) to follow and abide by. For the most part we are the people we are because of determinism and free will. References Baumeister, Ray (2009). Cultural Animal. How we find Meaning in Life. Retrieved from https://www. psychologytoday. com Cuddy, Luke (2008). Determinism vs Freewill. Retrieved from https://www. neo-philosophy. com Solomon, R. C. , Higgins, K. M. (2010). The Big Questions. A Short Introduction to Philosophy. Retrieved from https://www. coursesmart. com Sturman, Henry. (2013). Freewill and Determinism. Retrieved from https://www. henrysturman. com/articles/freewill. html Voss, Peter. (2007). The Nature of Freewill. Retrieved from https://www.. optimal. org/peter/freewill. html.

Visual Style And Elements Of Gameplay Video Games Essay

Visual Style And Elements Of Gameplay Video Games Essay The first level starts with the character Gandalf helping at the Battle of the Hornburg. You are shown by a tutorial how to fight by using the controller, and also told where to go to. Completing this level splits the next one into three separate missions with different characters. One path is as Gandalf the wizard. One path is as a king with Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli. One path is hobbits with Frodo and Sam. The theme contains villainous creatures for example orcs, uruk hai, cave trolls, Gollum, Witch-King of Angmar, Mà »makil and Wargs. These are all are NPC (Non Playable Characters). Also when playing single player there will be good people with you, for example, if you are playing as Aragorn the NPCs will be Legolas and Gimli and other good soldiers. It shows lots of different of atmosphere themes, for example, rock, smoke, fire, walls, trees and buildings. Characters A wizard style character is a powerful character. He would use swords, spells and his white staff. He would attack the enemy from both long and short range. He wears white hat and white cloak. This example is Gandalf. A human style character would be strong and quick. He would use swords, and he would be better at sword skills than other characters in the game. He also knows how to use bow and arrows and is good at archery but not as good as Legolas. He would be able to attack the enemy from both long and short range. He wears black clothes and a green cloak, but when the game is nearly finished he wears a red and blue cloak. This example is Aragon. An elf style character would be quick and strong. He would be able to use bow and arrows are be extremely good at targeting and fast. He also uses two swords and is a good fighter but not as good as Aragorn. He would attack the enemy from both long and short range. He wears clad green and brown and good green cloak. This example is Legolas. A dwarf style character would be a strong and slow character. He would use a battle axe with good strength. He has throwing axes, but is not as good as Legolas. He would attack the enemy from both long and short range. He wears dark red and brown clothes and helmet. This example is Gimli. A hobbits style characters would be a weaker than the other characters. All hobbits can use swords and throwing sticks. One of hobbits is called Frodo, and he uses a special blue sword, and when the enemy gets closer the blue will glow. All hobbits would attack the enemy from both long and short range. One of the hobbits wears a green cloak, one wears a grey cloak, one wears a light brown cloak and one wears a dark red cloak. These examples are Sam, Merry and Pippin. Genre The genre is adventure and action. It is third person which is easy to use and means you can see everything thats going on. Feedback The player and the enemy NPC (Non Playable Characters) both show a HUD to show their lives. Both fighters will get effects on their life, for example, Gandalf using a sword to hit the enemy body and the effect is life will decrease a little, but if Gandalf uses a sword to hit the enemy head the effect is life will quickly reduce. That will show us the enemys weakness areas and will also make the enemy fight slow and weaker. There are lots of weapons, for example, you have to kill a big enemy and use strong weapons to kill it. If you use weak weapons to kill it will take longer or you die. Rewards The player can get rewards by killing the enemy and gaining experience points, to up to the level of the character. This will unlock better weapons, for example, buying a fire sword and using it. GTA: San Andreas (Third Person Sandbox) Game-world and Setting This uses states based on California and Nevada. They also use three fictional cities; Los Santos based on Los Angeles, San Fieroo based on San Francisco and Las Venturas based on Las Vegas. They use the name of deserts; Nevada and Arizona. They also have the half mile tall Mount Chiliad, which the character can climb. There is another mountain, Mount Diablo and different peaks and skyscrapers. Character can visit 12 country towns and villages placed in three counties, Red County, Flint County and Bone County. It has lots of NPC (Non Playable Characters) for example lots of people walking on the street and driving cars. It also has a day and night time cycle. Characters There is only one character that can do walking, running, sprinting, swimming, climbing and jumping. He can also use weapons and different kinds of hand to hand combat. The character can drive different type of vehicles for example boats, airplanes, helicopters, motorcycles, bikes, buses, trains, tanks and automobiles. The character can leave vehicles and steal other better vehicles. This character lives in a living, breathing city. This character can wear any clothes; he just has to go to a shop to buy clothes. Also he can go to his safe house to change clothes and it has special uniforms, these are for missions. Genre The genre is sandbox, which means you can do whatever you want to do. It is third person look at that person where to go to and wide range. Feedback The player has a HUD to see their life and the enemy NPC (Non Playable Characters) has same but the player must target the person to show it. Targeting lets the player kill the NPC. The player can just use explosives to bomb everything. For example, Carl can fly a jetpack and use an AK 47 to shoot the lower ground to kill all the bad gang members. To protect player life the bad gang have the weakness of not being able to fly. It will show violent blood. Rewards The player can get rewards by killing the enemy which will leave weapons and money. The player must complete the missions and will gain the reward, for example, a gun will be stored at the safe house and player can collect it anytime they want. Also they could get good cars. The player can kill people, policemen and gangs on the street; they will then show weapons and money. WWE: Smackdown Vs Raw 2009 (Sports) Game-world and Setting The theme will show the boxed ring. It will show the targets HUD. You fight peoples to injure them in different ways. There will be fans on the crowd seats. All the characters can be NPCs (Non Playable Characters) also you can play on multiplayer to fight friends on the game. Characters There are lots of characters that the player can be. One style of character would be strong and big. This character would use signature moves like; running DDT, big boot, sidewalk slam, dragon sleeper and old school (arm twist ropewalk chop). The finishing moves are chokeslam, Hell Gate and tombstone. He wears black trouser and a black v on his top. A good example is the character The Undertaker. Also there is more characters who are big and strong for example Batista. Another style of character would be high flyer. This character would have signature moves like baseball slide, arm drag, bulldog and bronco buster. The finishing moves are 619, frog splash and west coast pop (springboard hurricanrana pin). An example of this style would be Ray Mysterio. He wears shiny trouser and mask. Also there are more high flyer characters, for example, Jeff Hardy. Another style of character would be diva. This character would have signature moves like bodyscissors, camel clutch, bow and arrow stretch and kranium buster (flipping neckbreaker). The finishing moves are last call, California dream (muta lock) and snapmare driver. Melina Perez is a good example of this character. Also there are more diva characters for example Layla. Another style of character would be legend. This character would have signature moves like back body drop, cobra clutch, spinebuster and Texas piledriver. The finishing moves are Stone Cold Stunner ((Sitout three-quarter facelock jawbreaker, usually proceeded by a  kick  to the opponents midsection), Stun Gun  (Flapjack  dropped into a  hangman) and Million Dollar Dream  (Cobra clutch). This character starts locked; the game has to be played on Season Mode to unlock. Stone Cold Steve Austin is a good example of this character; also there are more character legends, for example, Hulk Hogan. Genre The genre is sports. It is third person, easy to use and you can see what everything going on. Feedback The player and the COM (Computer player) NPC (Non Playable Characters) they both will show the HUD to see their body life. For example the Undertaker hits Kanes head and the HUD will flash the colour light yellow, which confirms that Kanes head is a bit injured. Keep hitting him more to do more damage. Different ways of causing damage are grapple and Signature moves; big boots, corner clothesline and dragon sleeper. Then the HUD will flash orange to confirm that Kanes condition is half way and he is injured. After that keep hitting him and the HUD will flash the red, to confirm that Kanes condition is really badly injured. Finally the Undertaker can pin him or do finishing moves then pin him. Kanes body will be slow and weak. Rewards The player can get rewards by winning a game and gaining strength to use on Season Mode. The player must complete the missions, and will gain the reward or break a record. For example, the player has to do three finishing moves and will get money, which the player can use to buy better moves. Borderlands (Action FPS) Game-world and Setting The planet is calling Pandora. There is few wildlife and lots of bandits. Lots of rich people left the planet. The planet has lots of barren wasteland. There are many colonization ships to set up life and mining on the planet. Somebody found the ancient history of the planet, they used the aliens vault to make more powerful weapons. This vault has been lost and people are now looking for it. Characters There are four playable characters; Brick, Moricadi, Solider Roland and Lilith. They all have different type of weapons and the strengths. The Brick character is a Berserker and a tank style character. This character has very strong melee combat. Most of the time, this character uses explosives and rocket launchers as weapons. This character has a special ability of berserker rage mode. He use his huge hand to beat his enemies to death and he is in a crazy rage. The Moricadi character would be a Hunter style. This character is very strong at melee combat. He would use sniper rifles and revolvers. This character has the special ability of getting help from his pet Bloodwing, who uses its long range to attack his enemies. Also this character can scavenge for loot. Roland is a soldier style character. He was a member of Atlas Corporations private Crimson Lance army. This game is best used with a Soldier. This character is very strong using melee combat. He uses shotguns and assault rifles. This character has a special ability of using a automatic gun turret and can upgrade the range of this. The Lilith style character is one of the six known Sirens in the galaxy. This character has superhuman powers but cannot cope using them. This character is very strong in melee combat. She uses elemental tech weapons and guns. This character has a special ability of using phasewalk to run faster around the planet and make her invisible. Genre The genre is action. It is FPS (First Person Shooter) first person means when you can see your own feet, that is first person. Feedback The player can fight the enemy and both will show a HUD of their life. Also the player will level up to get better skills, for example, make one of the special abilities stronger. The player can target the enemy Skag to shoot it and it will show the hit points that are taken off the Skags life. Rewards The player can get rewards by kills the enemy and it will drop weapons and money. Crash Bash (Third Person Platform) Game-world and Setting The character must complete all 28 levels to win. The character player has challenges on each level to beat the other players. The aim is to win the trophies, crystals and gems. There are five Warp Rooms that are locked and the player can to unlock to gain the prize and it will open up new challenges. Characters The two good style characters are Crash and Coco from Crash Bash they are strong, quick and have spinning abilities. One boy has an orange body and blue trouser. The other one has big blonde hair and purple clothes. Some characters are the same in ability, but one is good and one is evil. The good character is Tiny, and the bad one is Koala King. They are both powerful, muscular, slow and have a kicking ability. Tiny has an orange body with a muscular shape, and green pants, Koala King has a gray body, with a muscular shape, and a red vest and yellow trousers. Another good/bad set of characters are Dingdoile and Rilla Roo. They are both strong, slow with a fat look and spinning abilities. Again, they both have the same movement and moves, the only difference are how they look. Dingdoile is a combination of Dingo and Crocodile, with a brown body and brown trousers. Rilla Roo is a combination of Gorilla and Kangaroo with a brown body and red and white striped trousers. Another set of good/bad characters with the same abilites are Neo Cortex and Nitrus Brio. They are both srong, quick and have a shooting ability. Neo Cortex has a large brain, with the letter N on his forehead, and wears a lab coat and has a black gun. Nitrus Brio has a long head with nuts and bolts, wears a white lab coat, and has a purple gun. These playable characters all have the same abilities of being able to walk, jump, spinning or kick or shoot and throw boxes. Genre The genre is adventure, action and platform. It is Third person look at that person where to go to and wide range. Feedback The player and the enemy NPC (Non Playable Characters) both will show the HUD to see their life and points. For example Crash picks up the box and throws it to Rilla Roo. The effect is Rilla Roo will be hurt, fall and his life will decrease. There is another example, Crash has to get on a pogo jumper to jump on all the boxes and gain points not life. Crash has rocket to shoot the Rilla Roo which will try to bomb him and slow him down. Rewards The player can get rewards by attacking an enemy to get; a good rocket to shoot the other player, a pogo jumper that moves faster to get all the boxes so other player cannot get them, and slow them down, meaning you can quickly get more points.

A Wrinkle In Time Outline :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outline I. Introduction Do you believe that there is extra terrestrial life? Well, what would you do if you found out that you weren’t born on earth? In Margaret’s case, she went back to her home planet. This story takes place in Willstead, North Carolina in the year 2005. She was found on earth when she was 2 months old, after she went away from her home planet; the name of their species was Tesseract. The Murries adopted her after they married a year before. Several years after she grew up as a normal 10-year-old girl, but had no idea of her past and that she was adopted. II. Body A. She was adopted by the Murries 1. They found her in a dark alley 2. She was raised along with her a. Twin brothers I) Sandy II) Dennis b. A younger brother I) Charles Wallace B. Weird things were happening 1. Margaret met a Mrs. Whatsit who stole a blanket a. She stole it because she was an ET; earth was too cold for her. 2. She started to give Margaret nice things to win her confidence. 3. Mrs. Whatsit told Margaret that she was an ET. 4. Margaret didn’t believe her. a. She slowly started to see why she had to be an ET. C. Mrs. Whatsit started explaining things. 1. She went to the park with Margaret each day a. She described their planet 2. Margaret was sent to earth because their was a computer mistake a. It caused a wrinkle in time D. The return 1. Margaret took an exam a. To see if she would be able to return to her home planet 2. The Murries were planning on a trip to the beach a. Margaret stayed home, it was a perfect time to go back to her planet 3. Mrs. Whatsit had a small device which she pointed to the sky a. A warp portal appeared 4. After Margaret and Mrs. Whatsit went through it they arrive in a beautiful village. A Wrinkle In Time Outline :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outline I. Introduction Do you believe that there is extra terrestrial life? Well, what would you do if you found out that you weren’t born on earth? In Margaret’s case, she went back to her home planet. This story takes place in Willstead, North Carolina in the year 2005. She was found on earth when she was 2 months old, after she went away from her home planet; the name of their species was Tesseract. The Murries adopted her after they married a year before. Several years after she grew up as a normal 10-year-old girl, but had no idea of her past and that she was adopted. II. Body A. She was adopted by the Murries 1. They found her in a dark alley 2. She was raised along with her a. Twin brothers I) Sandy II) Dennis b. A younger brother I) Charles Wallace B. Weird things were happening 1. Margaret met a Mrs. Whatsit who stole a blanket a. She stole it because she was an ET; earth was too cold for her. 2. She started to give Margaret nice things to win her confidence. 3. Mrs. Whatsit told Margaret that she was an ET. 4. Margaret didn’t believe her. a. She slowly started to see why she had to be an ET. C. Mrs. Whatsit started explaining things. 1. She went to the park with Margaret each day a. She described their planet 2. Margaret was sent to earth because their was a computer mistake a. It caused a wrinkle in time D. The return 1. Margaret took an exam a. To see if she would be able to return to her home planet 2. The Murries were planning on a trip to the beach a. Margaret stayed home, it was a perfect time to go back to her planet 3. Mrs. Whatsit had a small device which she pointed to the sky a. A warp portal appeared 4. After Margaret and Mrs. Whatsit went through it they arrive in a beautiful village.

Judicial Activism :: essays research papers

Judicial Activism: A Necessary Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judicial activism is rarely needed, but when it is employed, it is only in the most dire of circumstances. It is the broad interpretation of the constitution of the United States by the Supreme Court. Some argue that this should not be done, but if it had not been, slavery would still exist in America. It is obvious that in some cases, it is necessary to expand civil rights beyond what the constitution explicitly states. This was the case in Brown v. Board of Education. 9 black students were allowed into a white school, previously segregated. This was the landmark case in the battle for black civil rights. The judicial activism displayed by the Supreme Court led to an end to segregation, social equality for blacks and allowed them to reach respected positions in the American society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major effect of the Supreme Courts decision was the desegregation of schools everywhere. Integration became federal law, and schools could no longer bar applicants based on race alone. By enforcing this law, the Court allowed blacks to recieve the same education as whites and effectively removing their status as second-class citizens. They were one step closer to being fully accepted by the white majority. The integration of children's schools was a controversial step, and many southerners opposed it with extreme prejudice. There were riots to oppose this move, but eventually the chaos was subdued and after order was restored, schools were fully integrated. Black children were now on equal footing with white children and could no longer be called less intelligent, as they would recieve the same education. Also, this case led to the 15th amendment, giving blacks the right to vote. This was an important event, effectively making them complete citizens, legally equal to white men in every way. They could now vote for the president, a key part of the representative democracy present in the United States. They became able to directly affect the law, by voting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social equality was a major gain for the blacks. As a result of this case, and others after it, they became increasingly accepted in a previously white-dominated society. With any form of discrimination outlawed and punishable by law, there was no way they could be kept from their rightful position as equals in every respect. Lawsuits against discriminators became increasingly common, and the mindset of the common American was one of tolerance and compassion for

The Benefits of Community Service Essay examples -- Service-Learning E

In 2010, â€Å"over 20 billion hours of volunteer service were reported† in the United States (Hoffman 418). For such an outstanding amount of time, only 26.7% of the population reported volunteer hours (Hoffman 418-9). Philanthropy, a desire to improve the material, social, and spiritual welfare of humanity, especially through charitable activities, is dependent on the altruistic values of the American society. Philanthropy is a general love for all of humanity that manifests itself in the form of community service. Altruism is the foundation of volunteering; volunteering is the foundation of community service, and community service is the foundation of charity. Altruism is the belief that acting for the benefit of others is right and good. Volunteering is the act of doing work out of choice, out of free will, and altruistic people feel joyous when serving the community. The importance of volunteering comes from giving up time to help a charity or the community. Community service can be vital to keeping connected to others that are in the same area. August John Hoffman, professor of psychology at California State University Northridge, believes â€Å"Community service work and civic engagement are described here as any voluntary activity performed by community members for the overall improvement of the community and society† (418). Charity can take many forms; it can be donations of money, goods, or time, and time is the most valuable asset a person has to offer. It is not easy to convinc e people to give up their precious time for community service; however, people should take part in community service because it elevates the community and has a positive impact it has on both the helped and the volunteer. It is no secret that community... ...ring Students in a Service-Learning Clinical Supervision Experience: An Educational Case Report.† Physical Therapy 91.10 (2011): 1513-1524. Academic rch Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Martin, Mary Beth. Personal interview. 20 Apr. 2012. Romano, Joyce C, Geraldine Gallagher, and Sanford C Shugart. â€Å"More than an Open Door: Deploying Philanthropy to Student Access and Success in American Community College.† New Directions for Student Services 130 (2010): 55-70. Academic rch Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Sukiennik, Diane, William Bendat, and Lisa Raufman. The Career Fitness Program: Exercising Your Options. 9th ed. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Vogel, Amanda ] L, and Sarena D Seifer. â€Å"Impacts of Sustained Institutional Participation in Service-Learning.† Gateways: International Journal of Community Research & Engagement 4 (2011): 186-202. Academic rch Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2012.

Chemistry Lab 3 Properties of Gases

Dex Cimino 3/24/2013 CHE101, Tamburro Lab 3 – Properties of Gases Data Table: Experiment Results| Gas| Flamereaction| Glowingsplint| Limewaterreaction| Bromothymolblue reaction| Hydrogen| Popping| extinguish| brownish| green| Oxygen| Brighter| reignite| redish| blue| Hydrogen & oxygen| exothermic| extinguish| brownish| Blue-green| Carbon dioxide| extinguish| extinguish| Milky| yellow| Alka Seltzer| -| -| -| -| Breath| None| extinguish| none| blue| I did not have any alka seltzer =/ Questions A.Give two reasons why we fill the gas generator test tubes almost to the top with chemicals? The first reason is because we want to obtain pure gas and by minimizing the amount of air in the top this will maximize the gases purity. Also some gases may react differently with air. Minimizing contact with air assures a better outcome. B. What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment? It dissolved and formed hydrogen and zinc chloride. C. What happens to the manganese in the oxygen generation experiment? The manganese seemed like a catalyst because it sped up the rate of the chemical reaction. Read this Practice Test Chem 105D. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between O2 and H2. 2H2 + O2 ==> 2H2O E. What is the function/purpose of the bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment? The Bromothymol blue changed color from clue to green and then it turned yellow. After the CO2 was mixed with water, I think carbonic acid was formed. This can measure the amount of CO2 present, a lot of CO2 will show yellow and very little or no CO2, the bromothymol will remain blue. F. Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions, and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions.If your solution is a murky green, what might you assume about the solution? I would assume that the solution is neutral if it is a murky green. With acidic solution, the blue turns yellow. Flow Chart 1. Fill four test tubes with ? distilled water. 2. Add 2-3 drops of bromthymol blue to each test. Part 1: Oxygen 3. Add a small amount of manganese dioxide in an empty test tube. Then add a small amount of Hydrogen Peroxide. 4. Immediately stopper the test tube. 5. Take the stopper out. 6. Repeat these steps for Part 2: Hydrogen and Part 3: Carbon. 7. Record data and answer questions.

The Problem Definition Stage

â€Å"The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process than the problem solution stage†. Discuss this statement. Answer: †¢ Finding the right solution to an incorrectly identified problem helps no one because the original concerns will still continue to exist. Hence, pinpointing where exactly the gap lies, for which a solution is needed, is critical. (5 marks) b. In your company’s management development program, there was a heated discussion between some people who claimed, â€Å"Theory is impractical and thus no good,† and others who claimed, â€Å"Good theory is the most practical approach to problems. What position would you take and why? Answer †¢ The statement that â€Å"theory is impractical and thus no good† illustrates a misconception of the true meaning of theory. †¢ The second quotation is more to the point: there is nothing so practical as a good theory (Kurt Lewin) because of the power it gives us to explain and predict the target phenomenon. †¢ We use theory constantly as we explain why certain events occur or why one procedure succeeds and another does not. †¢ Theory represents an identification of key causal relationships, which explain outcomes in a variety of situations.It is an effort to extract the essence of relationships, ignoring less important contextual factors. †¢ The adequacy of a theory comes from its capacity to explain phenomenon in a variety of contexts and situations and this is referred to as its capacity to â€Å"travel. † †¢ Often, theories are too simplistic, and therefore lack explanatory power across situations. †¢ The solution lies in improving the theory, possibly introducing more variables, rather than rejecting the central concept. . (10 marks) c. Sometimes business research may be unnecessary. Explain when this could occur.Answer: Business research may be unnecessary in several situations. †¢ If the value of add ressing the problem is less than the cost of the research, research is unnecessary. †¢ If the organization suffers from constraints of time, money, or skill, the research may not be appropriate. †¢ If the necessary information cannot be collected in a manner that is applicable to the research, it may not be necessary. †¢ Finally, if the decision is of low-risk anyway, research is unnecessary. (5 marks) d. Explain the meaning of deduction and induction. Provide an argument that exemplifies each form.Answer: †¢ Deduction is a form of argument that suggests a conclusion from the reasons given. The reasons imply the conclusion. A deduction is valid if it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if the premises are true. Consider the following example. o AXY employees receive a discount on all clothing purchases made at any AXY store. Sarah is an employee at the AXY store in city X. Sarah will receive a discount at any AXY store. †¢ Induction is different fro m deduction in that it draws a conclusion from one or more facts. However, other conclusions could be drawn from the facts.For example, Burger King was featured on an episode of the Apprentice. Sales figures increased in the two weeks immediately following the episode. The conclusion is that the brand placement resulted in the increase in sales. While this conclusion is possible, other explanations have not been eliminated. (10 marks) Question 2 A teacher observes that the performance of students in the class varies depending on the workload, the complexity of the tests, the extent of ambiguity in the assignments, and the stress experienced by them. She assigns to you the task of doing a research project on this and wants you to do the following: a.Give the project a suitable title; To investigate factors that affect students’ performance. b. Briefly establish why it is important to research the topic; It is important to research this topic since we would like to know how wor kload, complexity of the test, extent of ambiguity in the assignment and the stress experience do affect students’ level of understanding and thus affects their performance. c. Clearly and precisely write the problem statement; To what extent the factors such as workload, complexity of the test, extent of ambiguity in the assignment and the stress experience influence performance. . Develop a theoretical framework using the variables mentioned above, clearly delineating the network of associations among the variables Workload complexity of the test extent of ambiguity stress experience Performance ind. Var intervening var. dep. Var e. Introduce a moderating and an intervening variable in the framework, explaining how they moderate and intervene. Intervening variable = stress ecperience f. Develop three hypotheses Hypotheses 1The more workload given, higher complexity of the test and higher level of ambiguity will reduce students’ performance. Hypotheses 2 The more work load given, higher complexity of the test and higher level of ambiguity will increase more stress to the students Hypotheses 3 The higher the level of stress will lead to lower performance of students (20marks) Question 3 The new president of an old, established company is facing a problem. The company is currently unprofitable and is, in the president’s opinion, operating inefficiently.The company sells a wide line of equipment and supplies to the dairy industry. Some items it manufacturers, and many it wholesales to dairies, creameries, and similar plants. Because the industry is changing in several ways, survival will be more difficult in the future. In particular, many equipment companies are bypassing the wholesalers and selling directly to dairies. In addition, many of the independent dairies are being taken over by large food chains. How might business research help the new president make the right decisions? Sample answer: Many different studies might be helpful in th is situation.The most likely lines of investigation should be on: 1. the firm’s operating inefficiencies, and 2. its future prospects in the changing dairy industry. In the first case, the president might want to determine whether the inefficiency is caused by internal production problems, poor organization, ineffective cost controls, weak sales management, and so on. This might take the form of a company audit of internal processes. The examination of the industry and the firm’s future in it would likely be directed at discovering possible trends in consumption patterns and distribution systems.It might also entail polling the end user of the products to see if anything other than price is prompting them to buy directly from manufacturers. Having this information would allow the researcher to either support the president’s contention that inefficiency is the root problem, or rule it out. Further, it would allow him to determine such things as whether any overlo oked opportunities (markets) exist, if his company is the only one experiencing problems, if the trend is likely to reverse, and so on. (20 marks) Question 4 Evaluate the statement of the business problem in the following situations: a.A manufacturer of fishing boats: The problem is to determine sales trends over the past five years by product category and to determine the seasonality of unit boat sales by quarters by regions of the country. Answer: This is a relatively straight forward set of descriptive objectives for a secondary data study. The time period is indicated. Sales volume in units is indicated to be the variable of interest. By indicating unit boat sales, quarters as the time periods, regions of the country as the geographical units, the definition is specific. b. The marketer of a new spreadsheet software package: The purpose of this research is (1).To identify the market potential for the product, (2). To identify what desirable features the product should possess, a nd (3) To determine possible advertising strategies/channel strategies for the product. Answer: Although this is not a poor statement of the problem, it is too ambitious and it could be more specific. A major disadvantage of this problem statement is that it is too much for a single research study. Determining advertising and channel strategies, product features, and market potential indicate several distinct problems for a program strategy rather than a single project strategy. (10 marks)

Balancing Social and Academic Life Essay

Balancing academic responsibilities and social relationship is complicated. Sometimes, if we just focused on our academic responsibilities, we are setting aside our friends and our family; we set aside the fact that there is a real world you have to have fun and discover. On the other hand, some of us don’t care about our responsibilities on academic especially in college level, because we think our social lives are more important than it is. If you want to be gratified you ought to be balanced in everything that you do and want, that’s why planning and defining moments to each particular activity you do is so important. This research is aimed at providing healthcare professionals with ideas and information regarding student nurses on how they balance their focus and time between academic responsibilities and social relationships. It was also prepared for the purpose of unveiling the effect of which to academic performances. The gathering of data will come from the nursing students of World Citi Colleges from first year to third year. Proper balancing of two certain priorities would lead to an improvement and subsequently much better effect on academic performances of a student. The interest in this subject was motivated by the researcher’s desire to observe the effects on academic performance from how nursing students balance such priorities as a student. Will they spend their time on studying more than they socialize? Or maybe it’s more important for them to hang out with friends and enjoy life to the fullest rather than to study? In this case, is it sacrificing one of our priorities? Could each student able to balance their time or is it just the idea of passing the course? Whatever would be their choice, it may affect their academic performances. These are associated decisions that will determine whether the outcome would be positive or negative. To be able to balance academic responsibilities and social relationship requires thorough management of our time. This is a defying part of being able to meet the academic requirement and to have time with our family and friends. Especially in nursing, there are lots of academic requirement that is needed to pass through the whole course thus, interfering with our social relationship. It takes the time of our social lives, for some this may not be a big deal in other cases social relationship and academic responsibility is a difficult task to make. Most common students in nursing are teenagers, at this stage in life they are focused in self-care; sleeps late and takes nap. Most of their time are given to discover themselves and how big life is. The trouble of studying more than 12 hours a week interferes with the social life and this really affects their school performance. Some others set aside parties or night-life to do homework, even goes to bed early to avoid falling asleep during class and duty hours. At school they become socialized to the role of a nurse and hear countless stories about â€Å"responsible nurses† who put their patients, their employers, and virtually everyone else first in their lives. Statement of the Problem The research aims to investigate the nursing students on Balancing Academic Responsibilities and social life: effect to the academic performance of first year to third year college students of World Citi College, Quezon City Campus. Specifically, sought to answer the following questions: 1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1Age 1.2Gender 1.3Civil Status 2.How do nursing student balance their social life in terms of: 2.1 Family 2.2 Friends 2.3 Time 3.How do balancing social life affect their academic performance in terms of: 3.1 Academic Outcome 3.2 Student Character 4.How do balancing academic responsibility affect their academic performance in terms of: 4.1 Academic Outcome 4.2 Student Character 5.Is there any significant relationship between balancing academic responsibilities, social life and in the student’s academic performance? Purposes of the study 1.To determine the demographic profile of the respondents. 2.To describe how nursing students balance their social life in terms of family, friends and time. 3.To investigate how do balancing social life affect their academic performance. 4.To find out how do balancing academic responsibility affect their academic performance. 5.To know is there any significant relationship between balancing academic responsibilities, social life and in the student’s academic performance. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the college coordinators, guidance counselors, faculty/professors, students and parents making them aware of how most students balanced their time between academic responsibilities and social relationships, thus, finding out its effect on their academic performance. College coordinators/Professors: they will be prompted to suggest and promote better activities that would encourage students to be more focused on balancing their time for their academic and social life at the same time. Students: the findings of the study course will help them increase their awareness on their strengths and weaknesses regarding their academic performance. One way of helping the students is to give them appropriate attention, and care as well as patient and love in order for them to build up their confidence and best in everything they do. Also, to help them mold the right perspective in life for them to know and feel that they exist in this world. Parents: they can guide, give attention and support their children in relation to their academic performance in school, may it be for their academic improvement or social growth. They can also recognize and identify what are the strengths and weaknesses of their children for them to know how to support and help them to gain security and trust to themselves. In addition, this may also build up the child’s foundation, and will do their best to work hard on their studies. Future researchers: the data gathered from this research could be helpful as an addition resource material for those who are inclined in doing this kind of study. Researcher could make use of the findings of this study in formulating a new hypotheses that is need to be tested in order to support the theories concerning this matter made by early theorists. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study is focused on balancing academic responsibilities and social life; it’s effect to the academic performance of nursing students. This study will be confined within the World Citi Colleges Nursing Department. Respondents of the Study will be represented by the first year to third year nursing students who are officially enrolled in first semester school year 2013-2014. This research will be done in five month’s time. It does not seek to include 4th year students because they are more experienced about the setting and adjusted themselves to college. Other extra-curricular activities of the student will not be included. Conceptual Framework Assumption The researchers assure that all of the information gathered from the student respondents with regards to their profile, balancing academic responsibility and social life are certified, accurate and reliable enough to for this study. The respondents of the study are the 1st year to 3rd year nursing students of World Citi Colleges, Quezon City Campus.

Accounting Terminology Essay

Each of the following statements may (or may not) describe one of these technical terms. For each statement, indicate the accounting term described, or answer â€Å"None† if the statement does not correctly describe any of the terms. a. The level of sales at which revenue exactly equals costs and expenses. Break-even point. b. Costs remain unchanged despite changes in sales volume. Fixed Costs. c. The span over which output is likely to vary and assumptions about cost behavior generally remain valid. Relevant Range. d. Sales revenue less variable costs and expenses. Contribution margin. e. Unit sales price minus variable cost per unit. Unit contribution margin. f. The reduction in unit cost achieved from a higher level of output. Economics of scale. g. Costs the respond to changes in sales volume by less than a proportionate amount. Semi variable costs. h. Operating income less variable costs. â€Å"None†. Exercise 20.7 – Using Cost-Volume-Profit Formulas Exercise 21.2 – Home Depot’s Financial Statements: Incremental, Sunk, and Opportunity Costs Read the footnote in Appendix A referring to Home Depot’s decision to close all of its remaining big box stores in China. Write a short paragraph identifying the incremental, sunk and opportunity costs associated with this decision. Assume that any cost savings will be invested elsewhere in more productive stores. Incremental costs relate to the difference in costs between alternative courses of action and incremental revenues. The incremental costs that would be that would occur from either remodeling or closing Home Depot an existing location would include cost of materials, overhead from the actual physical remodel, labor that includes employee pay for rearranging and moving merchandise during a remodel if it occurred, designing and planning costs. Opportunity costs are important factors when it comes to decision making because they define the costs of taking some action in terms of the value foregone or that’s given up due to a particular action taken place. Opportunity costs of remolding would include profits on lost sales if the store is closed during remodeling, loss of current sales due to decrease in customer traffic (due to excessive noise, smell, dirt and inconveniences. Stores could potentially lose profit if they are not able to stock the full line of products or keep items stocked during a remodel. Whereas a sunk cost is an outlay that has been irrevocably incurred at some time in the past; sunk costs cannot be changed no matter what course of action is taken and are irrelevant for purposes of decision making involving the future. Sunk costs related to either remodeling of the store that would need to be taken into consideration include original costs of the current store (decorations, paint, shelves, displays, carpet) and designs that will need to be replaced or removed during either remodeling or closing. Exercise 21.6 – Incremental Analysis: Make or Buy Decision The cost to Swank Company of manufacturing 15,000 units of a particular part is $135,000, of which $60,000 is fixed and $75,000 is variable. The company can buy the part from an outside supplier for $6 per unit. Fixed costs will remain the  same regardless of Swank’s decision. Should the company buy the part or continue to manufacture it? Prepare a comparative schedule in the format illustrated in Exhibit 21-6. It would be more beneficial for the company to manufacture the part rather than buy it from an outside provider. Brief Exercise 22.9 – Flows of Costs through Manufacturing Accounts The President of Cold Moo Ice Cream Company, a chain of ice cream stores in the Midwest, was unhappy with the actual six-month profit figures for the  company recently prepared by the CFO. The president asked the CFO for a profit breakdown, by store, of the actual six-month results. When the President received the report, he was extremely upset and called the CFO, into his office. The President stated, â€Å"These reports show that each store in the chain is profitable, but our company results are unprofitable! How can this be?† The CFO pointed out that each store was allowed to set prices for ice cream based on its cost structure. However, the stores’ cost structures did not include headquarters costs of the costs of advertising and delivery of products. What are the three characteristics for operating a successful responsibility accounting system? Consider whether the accounting system at Cold Moo Ice Cream Company includes the three characteristics of a successful responsibility accounting system. How could the responsibility accounting system at Cold Moo be improved? As the Textbook states, â€Å"measuring performance along the lines of management responsibility is an important function. A responsibility accounting system holds individual managers accountable for the performance of the business centers under their control and provides top management with information useful in identifying strengths and weaknesses among units throughout the organization.† The three characteristics of a successful operating accounting system will include budgets, will measure the performance, and contain timely performance reports. â€Å"Budgets serve as performance targets for each subunit in an organization. The accounting system will measure the performance of each responsibility center, and timely performance reports are prepared that compare the actual performance of each center with the amounts budgeted.† When reports are preformed frequently, it allows center managers to be able to keep their performances on target, and helps with the evaluation of the managers. It does not appear hat Cold Moo Ice Cream is following the timely reports method of the accounting system, which is essential to ensuring the financial information is accurate as possible, and to improve this aspect should be more intertwined with the actual budget and more accurately present how the performance of the store is measured. To do so the responsibility income statement should also be presented, this  contains not only the operating results of a particular part of a business but also the revenue and expenses of each profit center within that part, which could be extremely important to see how those centers within the same area measure and stack up against one another. For the responsibility income statement to be informative and useful it should essentially and efficiently be able to detail Variable Costs, Contribution Margin, Fixed Costs, Traceable Fixed Costs and Common Fixed Costs. In addition, fixed costs that are common to both product lines amount to $125,000.00. Instructions a. Prepare Chocolatiers’ responsibility income statement for the current month. Report the responsibility margin for each product line and income from operations for the company as a whole. Also include columns showing all dollar amounts as percentages of sales. b. According to the analysis performed in part a, which product line is more profitable? Should the common fixed costs be considered when determining the profitability of individual product lines? Why or why not? According the analysis in part a, the solid product line is more profitable. When determining profitability of any product line, common fixed costs should not be considered. Only the costs that are directly traceable to the product lines should be included. Common fixed costs are not directly traceable to any product, as they are arbitrarily allocated in proportion to a chosen factor, for example, machine hour or square feet of a certain space occupied. c. Chocolatiers has $15,000.00 to be used in advertising for one of the two product lines and expects that the expenditure will result in additional sales of $50,000.00. How should the company decide which product line to advertise? The effects of this campaign will typically be in both sales and variable costs, and therefore the company should select the product line based on which product will have the highest contribution margin ratio, which is the  percentage of sales, service revenues or selling price that remains after all variable costs and variable expenses have been covered. This method takes into consideration the limited time frame of the advertising campaign, where fixed costs will most likely not be affected.

Jurisprudence Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jurisprudence Project - Research Paper Example This essay covers the criminal perspective of jurisprudence focusing on a murder case and the death penalty. Historical development of capital punishment The death penalty came up after (18) eighteen years failure to execute convicts, arising from the Supreme Court’s moratorium as issued in the case of Furman v. Georgia 408 U.S 238 (1972) (Burton, 2007) where the learned justice held death penalty to be cruel and discriminatory applied to the poor, Negros and low class people. Thereafter, the supreme court reinstated the death penalty by imposing the death penalty, the case law of Gregg v. Georgia 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (Burton, 2007). In New York Court of Appeal in the case of People v. Davis 43, N.Y.2d 17 (1977) ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment on Human rights this followed that, in the subsequent years, New York Legislature passed new capital punishment statutes every year only to be abolished by the ruling governors. Later in 1994 a governor who promised to bring back the capital punishment got elected to represent New York, after which the 1995 death penalty statute got passed, this saw many prosecutors oppose capital punishment as a mechanism of deterring violent crimes (Burton, 2007). Some declared never to infer death penalty. The people started challenging death penalty until the Court of Appeal in the case of People v. Lavalle 3 N.Y.3d 88 (2004) ruled that at the close of a penalty trial, the clause the judge should inform the jury that on failing to agree on the punishment, then death imprisonment would be effected, violated New York Constitution (Melvin, 1992). Despite the ruling in Lavalle’s case above, the prosecutor in the case of John Taylor continued pursuing the death penalty that the jury had not agreed on the punishment (Betty, 1995). The defense objected on the constitutionality of this provision on the jury’s agreement.

Beijing Marathon and Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Beijing Marathon and Pollution - Essay Example According to Chang, during the last decade, China has undergone massive industrialization that has really transformed its economy and further catalyzed economic growth and prosperity (30). However, the industrialization has endangered the lives of Chinese people mostly in urban areas due to high levels of pollution. China is the world’s biggest consumer and it is estimated that the country consumes almost four billion tonnes of coal. The country has over-relied on coal for electricity production and thus the high and increasing levels of pollution. However, recently the Chinese government implemented a plan to close fifty thousand coal furnaces in order to curb the increasingly high levels of smog in its skyline. On the other hand, they have decided to clean all their furnaces so as to use clean pure coal rather than the use of dusty coal leading to high levels of air pollution. The growth of industries is another contributing factor to increase in air pollution. Bejin is a metropolitan city that is surrounded by industries. In the nearby province of Hebei is home to more than eight hundred polluting factories. Beijing is also home to steal manufacturing industries that emit pollutants into the atmosphere. Furthermore, pollution from Hebei is swept by the wind into Beijin thus making the city to be ranked among the World’s most polluted cities. On the contrary, Beijin faces high traffic on its roads. As such, the increased number of vehicles emit smog into the atmosphere causing the air around Bejin to be impure with small chemical pollutants of PM2.5. In addition, China’s industries and the government have failed in regulating the amount of chemicals industries emit. The government should have implemented fines for industries emitting more into the atmosphere. On the other hand, the industries have failed in installing carbon absorbing materia ls into chimneys so as to limit the level of atmospheric pollution. The case of China’s Bejin Marathon is a depicts failure by rich nations to observe the Kyoto protocol to reduce emissions into the atmosphere on a meaningful scale.

Feudalism in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Feudalism in Europe - Essay Example During the early feudal system, a network of favoritism dominated the allocation of economic resources. The segregation of resources to loyal parties contributed to economic inequalities and unequal development. The changes that occurred from the early to late systems reformed the methods of resource allocation. The system discouraged a unified system of governance. Resource allocation was by individual lords to subjects lower in the hierarchy. Subjects signed the oaths to remain loyal to and serve their lords. The system discouraged trade among the various European societies. Trade was not a priority since there were no organized trade units. The changes from the early to late feudalism boosted trade. This was advantageous in promoting economic growth. Development of infrastructures promoted trade between different regions, for instance. Closed-state development was characteristic of the feudal systems. The changes eliminated the closed-state development of the economy (Czinkota and Ronkainen 31). Because of the changes, the existence of a unified government unit promoted trade and the economy of the regions. Despite the lack of a central government during the feudalism, the societies (serfs), while operating as units, were stable (Whelan and Laden 325). The creation of the financial stabi lity in stable societies (serfs) was relatively easier than it was after the change. The change, in this regard, was

Reduce Stress in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reduce Stress in Life - Essay Example For each one of us, there are many things in our lives, which can cause stress on a daily basis. For example, not enough time in the day to deal with personal issues and work or needing to find another higher paying job to afford our endless bills ( www.helpguide.org, 2014). In my case, working full-time while attending school full-time, also being 9 months pregnant and not to mention the frustration of being the first time, mom. It is difficult to measure stress but some behaviors are associated with stress. These behaviors include lack or excessive sleep, eating disorders, substance abuse among others. The response to stress may vary from one person to the other. I deal with stressful situations by eating. This is combined with the fact that I am pregnant. This has resulted in gaining weight something I hope to deal with now that I have a child. Dealing with stress will involve taking some time off my school schedule and spend this time with family and friends. Hobbies are a way of reducing stress levels and I am working towards doing the things I love. This may include dance lessons or music lessons. This will also help me to reduce the weight I have gained. Everything is done in moderation and a little pressure often does better than harm. (Kaplowitz, 2012).However, I do not believe that a stress-free life is possible and realistic. Stress is a response to the challenges we face in life that occur around us and many of these challenges cannot be avoided.

Client Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Client Evaluation - Assignment Example In this Client Evaluation, the company that has been considered is Saria. It is a company who provides all kinds of repair and installations related to the cable plants. It is a very reputable company. The main aim of the company is to gain the reputation as the industries best. The industry to which the company belongs is the fiber optics industry. The company was established in the mid 2000’s and since then it has been moving forward with all the positive zeal. The services that they are providing are all relevant to the field of fiber optics. Their main idea is that they need to continue to perform according to the expectations of their clients, critics and as well as their own aims and goals. They are known to be able to solve the most serious of problems related to the interconnection and automation problems. The offer range of facilities related to the fiber optics and automation, they provide the fiber optics and automation services for aircrafts, ships, network setups at the factories and the companies and as well as the military bases. Their providence of services at the military bases proves that they have the sleekest and advanced form of the automation and the engineering related to the fiber optics technology available to the general world. This proves the fact that they are the best of the best in the industry that is why they are being hired or employed by the airbases and various military bases to provide them with the communications and interconnectivity infrastructures. Copper is a very expensive metal, but it has been considered as the best for of conductor that could ever be used for the purpose of the communications. Saria has acquired the technology and the people actually required to have the implementation of copper-infused technology in the communications infrastructure.  

Executive summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Executive summary - Assignment Example Gripper company roadmap starts with our specific mission, which is lasting. It declares our purpose as an organization and serves as the standard against which we assess our decisions and actions. Our mission is to improve safety in the world; to inspire optimism and happy moments and to create a value and make the difference. Our core objectives are to increase sales over the next two years, to improve our gross margin over the current line of product and maintain the level, to meet the market demand at a high gross margin. Our near and long term goals is the Growth of our company with the development of new and quality products, moving our operations to many countries, selling products at a cheap price and producing quality products over our rivals. Gripper Company is a regional company that sells its products on wholesale to its retail customers. The percentage of our gross margin is above average with many customers coming from within the country. The company hopes to become an international company within two years. It is an anti-slip treatment that is proven to make wet floors slip resistant. It brings about non-slip tile floors, bathtubs, or non-slippery shower floors in minutes. It prevents slip-fall accidents in bathrooms, kitchens, workplaces hotels or anywhere with a slippery tile floor (Pinson and Linda

Cross Culture Managment - South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross Culture Managment - South Korea - Essay Example The capital of South Korea, Seoul is also the city covering its largest area of land. Korea was a huge region that came under separation into its North and South portions after the end of World War II. Since the two parts of Korea were not in a good friendly relation from the time of their formation, therefore, it resulted in wars between them. The war was a stepping-stone for the southern region, as after the war their economy saw a dramatic boom that revolutionized the recognition and position of the country in its neighborhood (Haggett, 2002). With the economical boom, that the country experienced gave a rise to the lifestyle of its citizens, thus boosting its social sector. Over the passage of time, it developed its technological, transport, manufacturing, industrial and economic sector phenomenally that it made its place in the world rankings. The country has a high population density, as a huge number of people inhabit a comparatively small piece of land. Diverse cultures do no dominate the Korean population and it has come under observation that a larger proportion of the populace consists of people of Korean race and Chinese people forms a minority. South Korea does not restrict its denizens to practice a particular religion and have the liberty to follow their religious rituals. A big faction of the people follows â€Å"Christianity and Buddhism, whereas Islam, Shamanism, Confucianism, Chondogyo are the religions that comes under practice by the minorities† (USA International Business Publications, 2005). South Korea is a democratic country that comes under the leadership of President but the power does not come under confinement only in the hands of the president. Legislation and Judiciary also have rights on the power of making legal decisions. Culture of South Korea Korean language generally known as Hangul by the natives comes under common usage to communicate with one another. This language finds its origin from an ancient language known as Altaic, which was widely spoken centuries back. Hangul is well comprehendible and understandable by the locals despite of the fact that it has quite a lot of forms and accents (Connor, 2009). The language is simple and easy and due to this reason, one can learn it effortlessly without difficulty. It also contributes to one of the achievements of the country that is to have a secularly qualified and educated population. Though Hangul do not relate much to the Chinese language, still some Chinese characters come in association with it as an influence of the minor Chinese population residing in the South Korea. English being a universal language retains its importance amongst Koreans as well, therefore, schools have made English as a subject of learning (Connor, 2009). The attitude of the Korean population has seen a drift as earlier people had thinking that was more conservative and gender discrimination came under finding in heights. This trend saw a radical turn after the boosting of the economy and the perceptions towards the girls came under transformation. Opportunities came into the provision to the females in the world of business. The opportunities developed the concept of individualism and independence in females and they no longer made themselves dependent on their male spouses, which uplifted their position in the society (Connor, 2009). Despite of all the success and gains that South Korea has experienced, it has retained its history and has not

Interpreting and Translation Essay Example for Free

Interpreting and Translation Essay The Similarity and Differences between Translation and Interpreting 1. Similarity †¢ Both transferring the message from Source Language (SL) into Target Language (TL) †¢ Both retaining the message †¢ Both restructuring or reproducing †¢ Both having SLT and TLT †¢ Both having the target audience 2. Differences. |Translation |Interpreting | |The medium is in written form |The medium is in oral form | |In reproducing the translation in the receptor language: |In reproducing the translation in the receptor language: | |not on the spot |on the spot | |can use dictionaries or thesaurus |direct translation (being able to translate in both directions, | |have more time to check and recheck the translation |without the use of any dictionaries) | | |have no time to check and recheck the translation) | |The doer : translator |The doer : Interpreter | The Theory. Interpreting consists of presenting in the Receptor Language, the exact message of what is uttered in the Source Language either simultaneously or consecutively preserving the tone of the speaker, such as formal and informal expressions, emotions, feelings, the choice of words, high and low pitch or tone in uttering words, etc. The Process of Interpreting There are 4 elements involve in the process of interpreting: †¢ the speaker †¢ the audience †¢ the message †¢ the interpreter The Process: (in TL) Messagesmessages†¦ (in SL) (1) (2)(3) (4). (1) Listening and understanding a spoken message of the Source Language ( (2) Storing/note-taking the message ( (3) Retrieving the message ( (4) Reproducing the message of the source language into the receptor language. Modes of Interpreting 1. Simultaneous Interpreting In simultaneous interpreting, the speaker and the interpreter speak almost at the same time. 2. Consecutive Interpreting In consecutive interpreting, the speaker speaks first, then after he/she finish his/her complete segment/speech, the interpreter takes the turn. Generally, during consecutive interpreting the speaker stops every 3-5 minutes (usually at the end of every paragraph or a complete thought) and the interpreter then steps in to transfer what was said into the receptor language. Model of Communication Flow in Consecutive Interpreting INTERPRETER SPEAKERAUDIENCE : indirect communication : direct communication Qualifications of a Good Interpreter †¢ An interpreter has to have knowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are to be interpreted. †¢ An interpreter has to have general erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures. For example: when a speaker talks about American agriculture, then the interpreter has to know about American agriculture. †¢ An interpreter has to have extensive vocabulary in both languages (SL and RL). †¢ An interpreter has to have the ability to express thoughts clearly (easily to understand) and concisely (in brief) in both languages. †¢ An interpreter has to have an excellent note taking technique for consecutive interpreting. †¢ An interpreter at least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting. In addition, in note taking of a paragraph uttered by a speaker, an interpreter has to be able to grab the main idea/topic of that paragraph. Therefore, the interpreter will understand what the paragraph that the speaker talks about. The Competencies Required for an Interpreter †¢ Language Competence A language competence is a good command of the source language and the receptor language which includes: ? Lexicon ? Grammatical structure ? Pronunciation †¢ Transfer Competence? Ability to reproduce a variety of synonymous or analogous expressions in both language; ? Ability to capture and reproduce register variations; ? Ability to recognize and reproduce domain-specific expressions in a form which will be regarded as ‘natural’ by the respective users; ? Ability to combine verbal and non-verbal communication cues from the SL and reproduce them in appropriate combinations in the RL; ? Ability to identify and exploit rhythm and tone patterns of languages in order to determine and utilize the ‘chunks’ of speech so as to maximize the efficiency of the interpreting; ? Ability to speedily analyze the utterance in the context of the communication in order to anticipate the direction in which the argument is proceeding and the strategy being used in developing the argument. †¢ Cultural Competence ? The possession of knowledge enabling the interpreter to comprehend the totality of the communicative intent of the speaker; ? Extra-linguistic knowledge about the world of the speaker and the audience; ? Social conventions, institutional practices, taboos, anthropologically and historically relevant elements of the cultures. †¢ Appropriate Technique ? Knowledge of the dynamic communication: Control of the speed; Control of the congruence of the tone of voice due to the emotional charge of the utterance and that of the interpretation of the utterance. ? Note-taking to avoid omission: Interpreter’s notes are very different from those of, say, a stenographer, because writing down words in the source language makes the interpreters job harder when he has to translate the speech into the target language. Many professional interpreters develop their own ideogramic symbology, which allows them to take down not the words, but the thoughts of the speaker in a sort of language-independent form. Then the interpreters output is more idiomatic and less source-language bound. ? Ordering information output; ? Voice production (audible, clear, unambiguous); †¢ Good Short Term Memory ? The comprehension ability to store information; ? The ability to recall with a high degree of accuracy what the speaker has said. †¢ Professional Competence? The ability to make independent judgments in terms of the linguistic, ethical, socio-cultural and effective issues which arise in an interpreted situation. The Skills Required for the Interpreter †¢ Listening skill: being able to ‘get the message’; †¢ Speaking skill: being able to ‘transmit the message’ (quality of voice, choice of idiom, vocabulary, phrasing, etc. ); Interpreting Ethics †¢ Impartiality: to carry out professional duties to the best of his/her ability regardless of who the clients are in terms of race, social and economic status, ethnicity, etc. In other words, the interpreter has to be fair and not taking side. †¢ Conflict of interest means to act without regard to other interests such as personal or financial gain. Things that Have to be Prepared in Becoming an Interpreter †¢ Be familiar with the subject of the conference and the subjects of speeches; †¢ Try to speak with the speaker and find out the general contents of speech and the time s/he intends to dedicate to the speech; †¢ Find copies of overhead transparencies, slides, or paper; †¢ Prepare a glossary for the interpretation to gather all the vocabulary which you might need for the job (terms, nouns, verbs, abbreviations, etc. ). ***